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roulette, (from French: โsmall wheelโ), gambling game in which players bet on which red or black numbered compartment of a ๐ revolving wheel a small ball (spun in the opposite direction) will come to rest within. Bets are placed on a ๐ table marked to correspond with the compartments of the wheel. It is played in casinos worldwide. Roulette is a banking ๐ game, and all bets are placed against the bankโthat is, the house, or the proprietor of the game. As a ๐ big-time betting game, it has had its popularity superseded in the United States and the Caribbean islands by others, notably ๐ craps, blackjack, and poker. Fanciful stories about the origin of roulette include its invention by the 17th-century French mathematician Blaise ๐ Pascal, by a French monk, and by the Chinese, from whom it was supposedly transmitted to France by Dominican monks. ๐ In reality, roulette was derived in France in the early 18th century from the older games hoca and portique, and ๐ it is first mentioned under its current name in 1716 in Bordeaux. Following several modifications, roulette achieved its present layout ๐ and wheel structure about 1790, after which it rapidly gained status as the leading game in the casinos and gambling ๐ houses of Europe. During the years 1836 to 1933, roulette was banned in France.
Equipment The roulette table is composed of ๐ two sections, the wheel itself and the betting layout, better known as the roulette layout. There are two styles of ๐ roulette tables. One has a single betting layout with the roulette wheel at one end, and the other has two ๐ layouts with the wheel in the centre. The wheel spins horizontally. Heading the layout design, which is printed on green ๐ baize, is a space containing the figure 0 (European style) or the figures 0 and 00 (American style, although such ๐ wheels were used also in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries). The main portion of the design is composed ๐ of 36 consecutively numbered rectangular spaces, alternately coloured red and black and arranged in three columns of 12 spaces each, ๐ beginning with 1 at the top and concluding with 36 at the bottom. Directly below the numbers are three blank ๐ spaces (on some layouts these are marked โ2 to 1โ and are located on the playersโ side of the table). ๐ On either side of these or along one side of the columns are rectangular spaces marked โ1st 12,โ โ2nd 12,โ ๐ and โ3rd 12โ on American-style layouts. On European-style layouts these terms are โ12pโ (premiรจre), โ12mโ (milieu), and โ12dโ (derniรจre douzaine). ๐ Six more spaces are marked โredโ (rouge), โblackโ (noir), โevenโ (pair), โoddโ (impair), โ1โ18โ (low, or manque), and โ19โ36โ (high, ๐ or passe). The roulette wheel consists of a solid wooden disk slightly convex in shape. Around its rim are metal ๐ partitions known as separators or frets, and the compartments or pockets between these are called canoes by roulette croupiers. Thirty-six ๐ of these compartments, painted alternately red and black, are numbered nonconsecutively from 1 to 36. On European-style wheels a 37th ๐ compartment, painted green, carries the sign 0, and on American wheels two green compartments on opposite sides of the wheel ๐ carry the signs 0 and 00. The wheel, its spindle perfectly balanced, spins smoothly in an almost frictionless manner. The ๐ standard roulette table employs up to 10 sets of wheel checks (usually called chips). Each set is differently coloured; each ๐ traditionally consists of 300 chips; and there is one set for each player. The chips usually have a single basic ๐ value, although some casinos also sell chips of lesser value. The colour of the chips indicates the player, not the ๐ value of the chips. If a player wishes to buy chips of slightly higher value, the croupier places a marker ๐ indicating that value on top of the tableโs stack of chips of the colour corresponding to the chips purchased. Most ๐ casinos also have high-value chips that can be wagered at any gaming table. Unlike roulette chips, these have their numbered ๐ values printed on them. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now
Bets It is possible ๐ to place the following bets in roulette: (1) straight, or single-number (en plein), in which the chips are placed squarely ๐ on one number of the layout, including 0 (and also 00 on American layouts), so that the chips do not ๐ touch any of the lines enclosing the number; a winning single-number bet pays 35 to 1 (for each unit bet, ๐ a winning player receives his original bet and 35 matching units); (2) split, or 2-number (ร cheval), in which the ๐ chips are placed on any line separating any two numbers; if either wins, payoff odds are 17 to 1; (3) ๐ street, or 3-number (transversale pleine), in which the chips are placed on the outside line of the layout, betting the ๐ three numbers opposite the chips; payoff odds on any of the three numbers are 11 to 1; (4) square, quarter, ๐ corner, or 4-number (en carrรฉ), in which the chips are placed on the intersection of the lines between any four ๐ numbers; payoff odds are 8 to 1; (5) line, or 6-number (sixaine or transversale six), in which the chips are ๐ placed on the intersection of the sideline and a line between two โstreetsโ; payoff odds are 5 to 1; (6) ๐ column (colonne), or 12-number, in which the chips are placed on one of the three blank spaces (some layouts have ๐ three squares, marked โ1st,โ โ2nd,โ and โ3rdโ) at the bottom of the layout, thus betting the 12 numbers above the ๐ space; payoff odds are 2 to 1; (7) dozens (douzaine), or 12-number, in which the chips are placed on one ๐ of the spaces of the layout marked โ12,โ betting the numbers 1โ12, 13โ24, or 25โ36; payoff odds are 2 to ๐ 1; (8) low-number or high-number, in which the chips are placed on the layout space marked โ1โ18โ (manque) or on ๐ the space marked โ19โ36โ (passe); payoff is even money; (9) black or red, in which the chips are placed on ๐ a space of the layout marked โblackโ (noir) or on a space marked โredโ (rouge; some layouts have a large ๐ black or red diamond-shaped design instead of the words); payoff is even money; (10) odd-number or even-number, in which the ๐ chips are placed on the space of the layout marked โoddโ (impair) or on the space marked โevenโ (pair); payoff ๐ is even money. On layouts with a single zero (European style), the 0 may be included in a 2-number bet ๐ with any adjoining number, in a 3-number bet with 1 and 2 or with 2 and 3, and in a ๐ 4-number bet with 1, 2, and 3 at the regular odds for these bets. With the American-style 0 and 00, ๐ a 5-number line bet also is possible, the player placing his chips on the corner intersection of the line separating ๐ the 1, 2, 3 from the 0 and 00, with payoff odds of 6 to 1.
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